Primal (2019-) is an animated series by Gendy Tartakovsky set in an alternate prehistory in which Neanderthals and dinosaurs coexist. Setting aside the anachronisms, this series has received critical acclaim for its emotional depth and unique visual storytelling format. Kim doesn’t care about that—she was too traumatized by the first episode to watch any further.

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In this episode:

Watch Gendy Tartakovsky’s Primal on the Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/primal-s-2-e-10/Primal+S1E1.mp4

Listen to our episode on Ironmaster (1983): https://screensofthestoneage.com/podcast/episode-58-ironmaster-1983/

Platt et al. (2026) Interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans was strongly sex biased: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aea6774

Weaver and Hublin (2009) Neandertal birth canal shape and the evolution of human childbirth: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812554106

Ceratosaurus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus

Giganotosaurus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganotosaurus

Dinosaur colouration: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_coloration

Darwin's Acid - Baba Brinkman - Rap Guide to Evolution: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apICqy01jo4

Neanderthal fishing: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106731

Trinkaus and Villotte (2017) External auditory exostoses and hearing loss in the Shanidar 1 Neandertal: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186684

Megalania: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalania

Voay: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voay

Mekosuchus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekosuchus