08 Grice & Bauman (Eng) | 1.3. Consequences of highlighting and phrasing for the segments of speech
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08 Grice & Bauman (Eng) | 1.3. Consequences of highlighting and phrasing for the segments of speech
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In section 1.1. we claimed that sounds are more strongly articulated when they are stressed or accented. The strength of sounds is also affected by the position of the sound in the syllable and, in turn, of the syllable within the phrase. Below we outline what is meant by strengthening, both with respect to prominence and to phrasing, and describe another phrasal effect on the duration of sounds. An account of intonation cannot ignore these effects, as they are often consciously or unconsciously used as diagnostics for the intonational analysis itself. This is particularly the case for phrasing, where intuitions about levels of phrasing based on the pitch contour are often unclear.
If we take the sound /t/, at the beginning of a stressed syllable it is stronger than it would be at the beginning of an unstressed syllable: compare /t/ realisations at the beginning of ‘tomorrow’ and ‘tomcat,’ where /t/ in ‘tomcat’ is stronger (we hear greater aspiration and a longer closure).
Moreover, /t/ at the beginning of a syllable bearing a pitch accent is stronger than one at the beginning of a syllable which is stressed but bears no pitch accent: Compare initial /t/ in the word ‘tomcats’ in ‘I like TOMCATS best’ with ‘Why not? I LIKE tomcats,’ where the former /t/ is longer and more aspirated.
The strengthening of segments at the beginning of phrases (domains) is referred to as domain initial strengthening (see, e.g., Keating et al. 2003).
Let us take the sound /t/ in English again. It is pronounced at the beginning of a larger phrase with greater strength than at the beginning of a smaller one. Furthermore, connected speech processes such as assimilation occur to a lesser extent across large boundaries than across small ones. This resistance to assimilation is also considered to be due to initial strengthening, in the sense that the segment preserves its identity, thus enhancing the contrast with adjacent segments (syntagmatic contrast), and possibly even enhancing a contrast with other segments which might occur in that position
(paradigmatic contrast).
At the ends of phrases there is a slowing down of the articulators, which is reflected in the signal as final lengthening. The larger the phrase, the greater the degree of final lengthening (inter alia, Wightman et al. 1992).
Final lengthening leads to an increase in the duration of segments which is different from the increase obtained by stress and accent; the sounds are often pronounced less loudly and clearly than in stressed and accented syllables.
Thus, final lengthening cannot easily be mistaken for accentual lengthening. Final lengthening has been found in a large number of languages, and is assumed to have a physiological basis, although there are language-specific, and even contour-specific differences as to the degree of final lengthening present. If a phrase break occurs across a sequence of unstressed syllables, those which are at the beginning of the second phrase are often pronounced very fast, this is referred to as anacrusis. Like an abrupt change in pitch, an abrupt change in rhythm is a strong cue for a phrase break.
Now that the highlighting and phrasing tasks have been discussed, we turn to which functions they are used to express.
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