07 Grice & Bauman (Eng) | 1.2 Phrasing
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07 Grice & Bauman (Eng) | 1.2 Phrasing
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Speech is divided into chunks delimited by means of intonation. These chunks have been termed breath groups, sense groups, tone units, tone groups, phonological phrases or intonational phrases, to name but a few (see Cruttenden 1997: 29–37). The most obvious indicators of boundaries between intonation units are (filled and silent) pauses. The longer the pause, the stronger the perceived boundary. However, there are many cases in which a boundary is perceived although a pause is missing. This effect is often due to an abrupt change in pitch across unaccented syllables, i.e. a jump up or down in pitch which cannot be attributed to the highlighting function of intonation.
It is often difficult to decide whether an intonation unit boundary is present or not, in particular when investigating spontaneous speech. In fact, transcribers across a number of approaches to intonation have often reported that they need to capture different levels of phrasing – in simple terms larger and smaller phrases. Although the British School originally had only one level of intonational phrasing (Crystal 1969, for instance), large scale corpus transcription using this model carried out by Gerry Knowles and Briony Williams led to the introduction of an additional level, the major tone unit, which was able to contain a number of (minor) tone units (Williams 1996a, b).
The autosegmental-metrical model of English intonation which contributed substantially to the ToBI framework (see section 3.2.) also makes a distinction between smaller, intermediate phrases and larger, intonation phrases. It is not clear whether there is a one-to-one correspondence between the two systems in terms of their phrasing, but it is possible to say that in many cases an intermediate phrase corresponds to a tone unit/tone group and the intonation phrase to a major tone group (see Roach 1994 and
Ladd 1996 for attempts at converting between the British School and autosegmental metrical models).
The intuitive need for at least two different sizes of phrase can be felt when comparing utterance (3) above, which consists of only one phrase, with (4), which appears most naturally to be composed of two:
(4) Findest Du NICHT, dass Lena ein SCHÖnes HAUS gekauft hat? Don’t you think that Lena has bought a beautiful house?’
The jump in pitch (and thus the phrase break) occurs between nicht and dass. Although the tonal break coincides with a syntactic break here, we stress that intonational phrases and syntactic phrases are independent, even if they of course often correspond.
Other instances of larger phrases containing more than one smaller phrase are lists, as in (5).
Lena hat einen ROten, einen GELben und einen BLAUen Ball.‘Lena has a red, a yellow, and a blue ball.’
In lists usually all but the last phrase end at a relatively high pitch, either as in (5) above, or with a high level pitch. The high pitch indicates that there is still at least one more item to come. After it the pitch is reset (i.e. there is a jump down), marking the beginning of the next phrase. A jump either up or down is a strong cue for a phrase break (the boundary between two phrases).
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