Henry VIII's six wives — Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Katherine Parr — were more powerful, more capable, and more fascinating than Tudor history ever gave them credit for. Let's fix that.

SOURCES

Catherine of Aragon:

• Bergenroth, G. A., ed. "Introduction." Calendar of State Papers, Spain. London, 1868. British History Online. https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/supp/vols1-2/vii-lxxx
• Bridge, Mark. "Katherine of Aragon’s Military Nous Helped Defeat Scots Invasion." The Times, May 27, 2020.
• Britannica Editors. "Catherine of Aragon." Encyclopedia Britannica, January 3, 2026. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Catherine-of-Aragon
• Brown, Rebecca Starr. "The Upbringing of Katherine of Aragon & Her Siblings." RebeccaStarrBrown.com, March 5, 2018. https://rebeccastarrbrown.com/2018/03/05/the-childhood-of-katherine-of-aragon/
• Glasgow Museums Collections Online. "Catherine Aragon." https://collections.glasgowmuseums.com/mwebcgi/mweb?request=record;id=82029;type=701
• Prendergast, Maria Teresa. "King, Confessor, and Princess: Contesting Catherine of Aragon’s Dowry and Soul in Her 1507 Letters."
• Solly, Meilan. "When Catherine of Aragon Led England’s Armies to Victory Over Scotland." Smithsonian Magazine, October 14, 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-catherine-aragon-led-englands-armies-victory-over-scotland-180975982/
• Zarevich, Emily. "Catherine of Aragon: Europe’s First Female Ambassador." Daily JSTOR, January 2, 2023. https://daily.jstor.org/catherine-of-aragon-europes-first-female-ambassador/

Anne Boleyn:

• "Anne Boleyn." Historic Royal Palaces. https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/anne-boleyn/
• "Anne Boleyn Timeline." Hever Castle. https://www.hevercastle.co.uk/visit/hever-castle/timelines/anne-boleyn-timeline/
• Percy, Henry. "Henry Percy." Spartacus Educational. https://spartacus-educational.com/Henry_Percy.htm
• Toscani, Melissa. "Anne Boleyn." Prof. Pavlac’s Women’s History Resource Site. http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/anneboleyn.html

Jane Seymour:

• Britannica Editors. "Jane Seymour." Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jane-Seymour
• EBSCO Research. "Jane Seymour." History Research Starters, 2022. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/jane-seymour
• "Jane Seymour: Henry VIII’s Favourite Queen?" Historic Royal Palaces. https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/jane-seymour/
• Walsh, Alexandra. "The Scandalous Seymours." Historia Magazine, July 26, 2022. https://historiamag.com/the-scandalous-seymours/

Anne of Cleves:

• "Anne of Cleves." Historic Royal Palaces. https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/anne-of-cleves/
• "Anna of Cleves: Early Life and Court Culture." Maidens and Manuscripts, September 22, 2021. https://maidensandmanuscripts.com/2021/09/22/anna-of-cleves-early-life-and-court-culture/
• Nunn, Hillary. "‘It Lak’th but Life’: Redford’s Wit and Science, Anne of Cleves, and the Politics of Interpretation." Comparative Drama, vol. 33, no. 2, 1999. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41153970

Catherine Howard:

• "Catherine Howard." Historic Royal Palaces. https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/catherine-howard/
• Britannica Editors. "Catherine Howard." Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Catherine-Howard
• "Catherine Howard: Facts About Her Life, Death and Marriage to Henry VIII." History Extra. https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/catherine-howard-facts-life-death-marriage-henry-viii-execution-ghost/
• "Catherine Howard: Why Was She Executed?" Thirteen/WNET. https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/sixwives/meet/ch_handbook_why.html

Katherine Parr:

• "Katherine Parr." Historic Royal Palaces. https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/katherine-parr/
• Kulik, R. M. "Lady-in-waiting." Encyclopedia Britannica, July 13, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/lady-in-waiting

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