H5N1 Bird Flu Surges Globally: US Leads with 689 Outbreaks, Human Cases Rise in Multiple Countries
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H5N1 Bird Flu Surges Globally: US Leads with 689 Outbreaks, Human Cases Rise in Multiple Countries
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Current hotspots reveal intense activity. In the Americas, the United States leads with 689 H5N1 outbreaks in poultry, wild birds like mallards and Canada geese, and mammals including polar bears and skunks since October, per FAO reports. PAHO notes 508 outbreaks across nine countries in 2025, driven by wild birds along migration routes from North to South America. Canada reports 53 events in poultry and wild species like bald eagles. In Europe, Germany dominates with 1176 detections in poultry and wild birds such as greylag geese, followed by France at 155 and the UK at 308, according to ECDC and FAO. Asia sees outbreaks in Japan with 43 in chickens, South Korea with 15, and the Philippines with three in ducks.
Visualize surging trend lines: FAO data shows 1738 global outbreaks since October across 41 countries, a sharp rise from prior months, with Americas and Europe comprising over 80 percent. Comparative stats highlight US cases dwarfing others, with 415 new events versus Europes scattered poultry hits. Human infections remain low: 22 cases from December 2024 to March 2025 in the US, Cambodia, UK, and China, per PMC, plus 19 more September to November including two deaths in Cambodia and one fatal US H5N5 case, ECDC states. Cumulative US human H5 cases hit 71 since 2024, WHO confirms.
Cross-border transmission patterns follow wild bird migrations. Phylogeographic analysis in South America traces H5N1 from North American birds via Pacific coasts to Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, with dual routes: avian from Argentina and pinniped-derived from Chile, per a Uruguay study. A 2025 Argentine reassortment event acquired segments from local low-path viruses, raising adaptation concerns. In Europe, central and southeastern detections link to migratory waterfowl.
Containment shines in targeted culls: US backyard flock depopulation resolved a Texas outbreak by December 1, BEACON reports. Failures persist in wild reservoirs, evading vaccines, fueling mammal spills like Australian elephant seals.
Emerging variants of concern include H5N5, first human case globally in the US November 2025, and South American reassortants with PB2 adaptations for mammals. No sustained human-to-human spread, but One Health surveillance is critical.
Travel advisories: CDC and WHO urge avoiding sick birds, unpasteurized dairyall FDA-tested products negative for viable virusand poultry markets in hotspots like the US, Europe, and Asia. Practice hand hygiene; no broad restrictions yet.
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