The provided text, excerpts from a book by Peter Eli Gordon, offers a comprehensive examination of the philosophical relationship and shared intellectual horizon between Franz Rosenzweig and Martin Heidegger, particularly within the context of German-Jewish thought in the Weimar era. The discussion centers on the “new thinking” that emerged after the perceived collapse of idealism and metaphysics, arguing that both philosophers, despite their dramatic personal and political divergence (especially regarding Heidegger's Nazism), sought a new foundation for philosophy rooted in temporality, finitude, and authentic existence. Significant attention is paid to Rosenzweig’s major work, The Star of Redemption, positioning it not merely within a distinct Jewish canon but as a profound response to contemporary German philosophy, including the late work of Hermann Cohen and the critique of the German-Jewish dialogue. Furthermore, the text analyzes the linguistic and existential similarities in their thought, such as their shared emphasis on the constitutive role of language and the importance of being-toward-death.

The provided text is an excerpt from a 1987 article by Hans Jonas titled “The Concept of God after Auschwitz: A Jewish Voice,” originally a lecture delivered upon receiving an award. Jonas grapples with the theological challenge posed by the Holocaust, specifically Auschwitz, which he argues cannot be explained by traditional Jewish concepts of sin, punishment, or martyrdom. To address this unprecedented evil, Jonas proposes a speculative theology rooted in a myth of a self-limiting God, suggesting that the Divine renounced its omnipotence at creation. This reimagined God is suffering, becoming, and caring but is also endangered and powerless to intervene in the physical world, thus necessitating a rejection of the traditional idea of divine omnipotence to reconcile God’s goodness with the existence of evil.

The provided text is an introduction and excerpts from Peter E. Gordon's monograph, Adorno and Existence, which examines Theodor W. Adorno's critical yet enduring engagement with existentialism and phenomenology, primarily focusing on Martin Heidegger and Søren Kierkegaard. Gordon explains his aim is to trace Adorno's complex intellectual history, arguing that Adorno's critiques of figures like Heidegger and Husserl, who represent the "philosophy of bourgeois interiority," actually helped Adorno understand his own materialist philosophical goals. A significant portion of the analysis centers on Adorno's polemical book, The Jargon of Authenticity, which critiques the popularized, secularized language of existentialism, linking its concepts of authentic existence and self-possession to ideological conformity and the repression inherent in the "dialectic of enlightenment." Ultimately, Gordon suggests that Adorno's critique—a negative dialectic—reveals an "inverse theology" and a complicated affinity with the very tradition he vehemently opposed, especially in later reflections on Kierkegaard and the concept of the object’s primacy.